Duchamp's vast influence today can be traced in large part to his conception of the artistic process, which makes self-expression in any form appear trivial and irrelevant. Instead of the artist-as-hero, the master artificer who can embody, in James Joyce's great phrase, the uncreated conscience of his race, Duchamp proposes the work of art as an independent creation, brought into being in a joint effort by the artist, the spectator, and the unpredictable actions of chance—a free creation that, by its very nature, may be more complex, more interesting, more original, and truer to life than a work that is subject to the limitations of the artist's personal control. —Calvin Tompkins
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